Consequently, the Red Army had enough sequential victories to bring security for a Bolshevik government. An upturn for the Bolsheviks came after World War I, when due to strategic reasons and the closing of one fighting front, the Whites lost the upper hand. Therefore, Lenin ordered their execution on July 16th, 1918. While the royal family was alive, they were source of inspiration and encouragement to the Whites. In Manchuria, General Horvat, who had been the tsar’s military-governor of the region, established another conservative government. Colonel Semenov, a monarchist, also established his own government in Trans-Baikalia. They also seized the eastern city of Vladivostok. In addition, a Socialist Revolutionary group had established an autonomous regime just east of Omsk which claimed to govern the whole of Siberia. The Socialist Revolutionaries, who had been members of the dispersed Constituent Assembly, grouped in the Lower Volga under the leadership of Viktor Chernov. In the south of Russia, the resistance to the Bolsheviks was led by Kornilov, and joined by soldiers that had survived World War I. For their own benefit, the western powers wanted to re-establish an Eastern Front so that the German Army would be split once again, thus relieving the problems being experienced on the Western Front. In fact, there is scholarship that discusses the influence of the West in the Civil War. Within Russia, those who opposed the Bolsheviks looked for the West for help. Finland did so in March 1918, having its own civil war right after. With the fall of Nicholas II, many parts of the Russian empire took the opportunity to declare their independence. At the end of 1917, the Bolsheviks only effectively controlled Petrograd, Moscow, and the territory between both cities. Lenin had called for peace at any price and the Germans had exacted very severe terms. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had shown a certain weakness on behalf of the Bolsheviks. Collectively, they were known as the Whites while the Bolsheviks were known as the Reds. These groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations. The Civil War was a result of the emergence of opposition against the Bolsheviks after November 1917. The Russian Civil War tore Russia apart during a three-year period, from 19.
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